The pkk seeks survival through extortion, human trafficking, drug and weapons. Sage books the ultimate social sciences digital library. Sage reference the complete guide for your research journey. However, terrorist organizations are more involved into organized crime activities without cooperating with the transnational organized crime groups. Novels, culture, history, books, historia, livres, history activities, fiction, book. The group, composed primarily of turkish kurds, began in 1984 its campaign of armed violence, which has resulted in some 30,000 casualties. Archives, testimonies confirm pydypgs organic link with. Turkey cia world factbook the best country factbook. Subject terms pkk, kongragel, kadek, kurdistan workers party, social. This book chronicles the kurdish experience from the early 20th century to todays conflicts with isis and the regional governments. Understanding and responding to the terrorism phenomenon. This is a remarkable book, especially considering that abdullah ocalan, since its. Department of treasury designated aydar and other senior pkk members as significant foreign narcotics traffickers.
Kurdistan workers party wikipedia republished wiki 2. Thinking locally, acting globally crc press book every year, esteemed scholars and practitioners meet at the international police executive symposium to discuss contemporary issues in policing and share. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Ios press ebooks understanding and responding to the. Reference center assembly of turkish american associations. The pkk, also known as kadek and kongra gel, is internationally listed as a terrorist organization by several states and organizations, including the north atlantic treaty organisation nato, the united states, and the european union eu.
Brief history of modern terrorism moore public schools. Plenty of nostalgia for those who once tried to live there and suffered through the strange ways of its local councillors with their mad schemes and peculiar policies. The objective of the assembly is to coordinate the activities of member turkish american associations and individual members of the assembly for the purpose of presenting a more balanced view of turkey and of the turkish people, and emphasizing the importance of enhanced understanding between turkey and the united states. Threats to the black sea region and to global security. For example, the group has a series a series of names such as kurdistan workers party kwp, pkk, kadek, kgk kongragel and, hpg peoples forces of defense. Terrorism defined as i said earlier in this unit, terrorism does not have a clear definition but. Project muse the kurdistan workers party turns against. Sage video bringing teaching, learning and research to life. The organization restructured itself and moved the organization structure to syria between 19801984 just after the 1980 turkish. The history of the kurdistan workers party began in 1974 as a marxistleninist organization. An analysis of the pkk terrorist organization homeland security.
Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. However, the pkk had in its history arrested 4 tourists and released them all after warning. The pkk changed its name after a congress in november 2003, and established the peoples congress of kurdistan, or kongragel. When democracy greets dictatorship the armenian mirror. Websters defines it as the use of force or threats to demoralize, intimidate and subjugate, especially as a political weapon world book.
In this book, which was first published in 1936, hutchinson presents a beautifully written description of the places visited during the course of the yale north india expedition of 1932. Kongra gel synonyms, kongra gel pronunciation, kongra gel translation, english dictionary definition of kongra gel. The first elaborates ocalans comprehension of middle east history from. In 2003, the pkk changed its name and established the peoples congress of kurdistan, or the kongragel. Turkeys struggle against the kongragelpkk was marked by increased clashes across turkey in 2005. Kongra gel was founded by abdullah ocalan in 1974 as a marxistleninist separatist organization and formally named the kurdistan workers party pkk in 1978. Thus, the transformation of their operations and identities has played a. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the kurdistan workers party pkk now known as the peoples congress of kurdistan or kongragel kgk has dominated the turkish militarys attention. Geography, politics and history have conspired to render 30 million kurds the largest stateless people in the middle east. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the kurdistan workers party pkk now known as the peoples congress of kurdistan or kongragel kgk. The theocratic, oligarchic and autocratic regimes, which have deep historical roots in the middle east, and the narrow nationalist and fanatic religious mindsets. The first elaborates ocalans comprehension of middle east history from prehistoric times to the present, with the purpose of specifically understanding how the kurdish question fits into the scheme of things. Recruited into shade, the elite, covert group formed by the u. Currently, the threat posed by the pkkkongragel terrorists based in the north of iraq represents the single biggest security challenge facing turkey.
Attacks in turkey and clashes with kurdish groups significantly increased in 2016. Contending with the pkks narcoterrorism the washington institute. Kongragel international initiative freedom for abdullah. Each of the groups protesting on may 17 had their own tragic history created by the inhumane acts of the turkish government. Kurdishturkish conflict 1978present the reader wiki. Our conference acknowledges that this bloody course of action, in which kurdish feudal lords participated as collaborators of the ottomanturkish colonialists, constitutes a historical injustice. In each of these countries, ethnic kurds have on some level sought. Turkeys struggle against the kongragelpkk was marked by increased clashes across. They also blame the kongragel for kurdish riots which happened during the period. This paper examines the evolution of pkkkongra gels involvement into illicit drug business from taxing the traffickers to distribution of heroin over the western european street markets. Sage business cases real world cases at your fingertips. Pkk aliases include kadek congress for freedom and democracy in kurdistan, kongragel, hsk, khk and pkk.
If you knew the old slough like i did before it started to reinvent itself in the late 1960s, then this book should do much to remind you what it was like before then. Kongra gel definition of kongra gel by the free dictionary. Kurdistan the kurds christian books war history architecture amazon reading. This book is the masterpiece of famed turkish author abdullah ayata. Pkkkongragel established in 1978, pkk kurdistan workers party started its armed struggle in 1984 after a preparatory period of numerous murders and attacks, with the objective of the establishment, through armed struggle, of an independent kurdistan within turkey s borders.
Kongragel kurdistan freedom and democracy congress kadek kurdistan workers party pkk partiya karkeran kurdistan pkk kurdistan workers party peoples defense force. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the kurdistan workers party pkk now known as the peoples congress of kurdistan or kongragel kgk has dominated the turkish militarys attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives, but after the capture of the groups leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from turkey, mainly to. The pkk and the kurdish question in the 21st century. The party began in 1974 under the leadership of abdullah ocalan. Established in 1974 as a kurdish marxistleninist group by abdullah ocalan. Cq press your definitive resource for politics, policy and people. Conflict between turkey and armed kurdish groups global. The pkks armed wing, the peoples defense forces hpg, which has been operating since 2000, preserved the previous organizational scheme and continued its operations without regard to the pkks name change. Aydar was assigned to the executive committee of this body. Turkeys military allies the us, the eu, and nato see the pkk as a terrorist organization. Although the group initially espoused demands for the establishment of an independent kurdish state, its stated aims were later tempered to calls for greater kurdish autonomy. It is the story of master carpenter gabriel guzelian and his family during the years of armenian relocation and resettlement. The main motivation for the protestors of various ethnic groups was that both past and present wrongdoings of the turkish state are still being practiced on. His analysis is often arcane and jargonfilled, but certainly informed.
Kurdistan workers party pkk, militant kurdish nationalist organization founded by abdullah ocalan in the late 1970s. The kurdish question is an international question in which europe has been playing a. The founding programme of kongragel supported the invasion and occupation of iraq by the us. Kongragel was founded by abdullah ocalan in 1974 as a marxistleninist separatist organization and formally named the kurdistan workers party pkk in. In the southeast, turkish security forces were active in the struggle against the kongragelpkk. Offers by the pkk for negotiations were ignored by the turkish government, which claimed, the kongragel continued to carry out armed attacks in the 19992004 period, although not on the same scale as before september 1999. Country reports on terrorism 2004 chapter 6 terrorist. Kongragel, the kurdish paramilitary group once called the pkk, has renounced its fiveyear ceasefire. Keep track of the latest developments on the center for preventive actions global conflict tracker. The text focuses mainly on hutchinsons experiences in goa and ladakh, providing abundant information on the culture and history of these regions. By christopher anderson march, 2009 the kurdish people are the largest ethnic group in the world that does not have its own independent state. Translated from german, anfdeutsch april 11, 2019 azadi anfdeutsch talked to remzi kartal, cochairperson of the kongragel, about the court decisions in belgium of the last three years and their meaning for the kurdish movement. The kurdistan peoples congress kongragel or kgk, formerly the kurdistan workers party, pkk is a kurdish separatist group primarily active in part of northern iraq and southeastern turkey. Kurdistan workers party a marxistleninist terrorist group of kurds trying to establish an independent kurdish state in eastern turkey kurdistan.
Germany, which has a large turkish community, reported 15 separatist terrorist attacks for 2007, with 14 claimed by the kongragel formerly the. The kurdistan workers party pkk is the largest kurdish opposition group in turkey, serving as an umbrella for a myriad of organizations. Although abdullah ocalan is the groups representative leader, due to his imprisonment the organization is led by an assembly called kurdistan peoples congress kongragel, which serves as the groups legislature. Since its a good idea to know who we the american people are doing business with, i thought id put in my two cents based on actual experience. In 1978 the organization adopted the name kurdistan workers party and waged urban war between 19781980. After the capture of the groups leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from turkey mainly to northern iraq. Initially, it was referred to as the marxist leninist organization. There were bombings and attempted bombings in resort areas in western turkey and istanbul, some of which resulted in civilian casualties. The dark side of turkeys dream world news the guardian. Composed mostly of turkish kurds, the group in 1984 began a campaign of armed violence, including terrorism, which resulted in over 45,000 deaths. Kongragel is the latest in a long series of names for the pkk. In 2004, haydar ali, the caucasus representative of kongragel kurdistan peoples congress, a front for the pkk, also recognized the genocide. Koma civaken kurdistan project gutenberg selfpublishing. Communities union kck, a new umbrella organization.
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